پاسخ به سوال آقای امیری
در پاسخ به سوال آقای امیری باید عرض کنم که متن زیر می تواند برای شروع مفید باشد
Print media
The history of modern media begins with the printed book - certainly a kind of revolution, yet initially only a technical device for reproducing the same or rather similar range of texts that was already being extensively copied.
Only gradually does it lead to a change in content - more secular, practical and popular works, especially in the vernacular, political and religious pamphlets and tracts - which played a part in the transformation of the medieval world.
Thus there occurred a revolution of society in which the book played an inseparable part.
It was almost two hundred years after the invention of printing before what we now recognize as a prototypical newspaper could be distinguished from the handbills, pamphlets and news books of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Its chief precursor seems, in fact, to have been the letter rather than the book - the newsletters circulating through the rudimentary postal service, concerned especially with transmitting news of events with a relevance for international trade and commerce.
It was thus an extension into the public sphere of an activity which had long taken place in diplomacy and within or for large business houses.
The early newspaper is marked by: regular appearance; commercial basis (openly for sale); multiple purpose (for information, record, advertising, diversion, gossip); a public or open character.
The seventeenth-century commercial newspaper was not identified with any single source, but was a compilation made by a printer-publisher.
The official variety (as published by Crown or Government) showed some of the same characteristics, but was also a voice of authority and an instrument of state.
The commercial paper was the form which has given most shape to the newspaper institution and it can be seen in retrospect as a major turning point in communication history - offering first of all a service to any of its anonymous readers rather than an instrument to propagandists or potentates.
In a sense the newspaper was more of an innovation than the printed book - the invention of a new literary, social and cultural distinctiveness, compared to other forms of cultural communication, lies in its individualism, reality-orientation, utility, secularity and suitability for the needs of a new class: town-based business and professional people.
The history of modern media begins with the printed book - certainly a kind of revolution, yet initially only a technical device for reproducing the same or rather similar range of texts that was already being extensively copied.
Only gradually does it lead to a change in content - more secular, practical and popular works, especially in the vernacular, political and religious pamphlets and tracts - which played a part in the transformation of the medieval world.
Thus there occurred a revolution of society in which the book played an inseparable part.
It was almost two hundred years after the invention of printing before what we now recognize as a prototypical newspaper could be distinguished from the handbills, pamphlets and news books of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Its chief precursor seems, in fact, to have been the letter rather than the book - the newsletters circulating through the rudimentary postal service, concerned especially with transmitting news of events with a relevance for international trade and commerce.
It was thus an extension into the public sphere of an activity which had long taken place in diplomacy and within or for large business houses.
The early newspaper is marked by: regular appearance; commercial basis (openly for sale); multiple purpose (for information, record, advertising, diversion, gossip); a public or open character.
The seventeenth-century commercial newspaper was not identified with any single source, but was a compilation made by a printer-publisher.
The official variety (as published by Crown or Government) showed some of the same characteristics, but was also a voice of authority and an instrument of state.
The commercial paper was the form which has given most shape to the newspaper institution and it can be seen in retrospect as a major turning point in communication history - offering first of all a service to any of its anonymous readers rather than an instrument to propagandists or potentates.
In a sense the newspaper was more of an innovation than the printed book - the invention of a new literary, social and cultural distinctiveness, compared to other forms of cultural communication, lies in its individualism, reality-orientation, utility, secularity and suitability for the needs of a new class: town-based business and professional people.
posted by عبدالرضا شاه محمدی @ 3:38 PM
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